Scripture shows that sometimes, after saying He will do something, God “relents,” i.e., stops because He has changed His mind in response to human actions. But is this also true when God swears an oath that He will do something and then does not?
Scripture does not appear to make that kind of distinction. Biblical Hebrew does not require the verb translated “swear” (shāvaʿ) for an oath to be expressed. Other terms, words, or idioms can themselves function as oath-language.
In Exodus 6:8, Yahweh says He will bring Israel into the land He had “sworn” to give to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. The Hebrew translated “swore” here is literally “lifted up My hand.” Yet after the Exodus generation rebels, Yahweh says in Numbers 14:30, “Surely you shall not come into the land in which I swore to make you dwell,” where again the Hebrew literally says “lifted up My hand.” Caleb and Joshua are the exceptions. It is important to note that God had explicitly said, “I swore to them…to bring them…into a land,” meaning not merely some of them, but all the people He had brought out of Egypt.
Ezekiel 20 makes the point even more explicit.
Yahweh recalls that He had raised His hand to bring Israel out of Egypt and into the promised land, but after their rebellion He raised His hand that that rebellious generation would not enter it. This does not mean that God changed His mind regarding the larger Abrahamic promise originating in Genesis 12ff. The next generation of Israelites did indeed enter the promised land, but the outcome for those originally addressed changed because of their unbelief and rebellion. This fits the general principle God Himself gives throughout the Hebrew Scriptures.
One classic example occurs after Abraham obeys the command concerning Isaac, when God says, “Now I know that you fear God” (Gen. 22:12).
After Moses intercedes for Israel, “Yahweh relented concerning the harm which He said He would do” (Exod. 32:14).
In Jeremiah 18:7-10, He announces judgment, but repentance can cause Him to relent; conversely, when He announces blessing, subsequent evil can alter the promised outcome. Jeremiah 26:3 similarly has Yahweh saying, “Perhaps they will listen…that I may relent of the evil which I am planning.”
In Amos, after the prophet intercedes, twice “Yahweh relented,” i.e., He stopped, and the announced judgment did not occur (Amos 7:3, 6).
When Nineveh repents, God “relented concerning the evil which He had spoken He would bring upon them. And He did not bring it” (Jonah 3:10).
In 1 Samuel 15:11, Yahweh says, “I regret that I have made Saul king,” because of Saul’s disobedience.
And in 2 Kings 20:1-6, Hezekiah is told, “you shall die and not live.” After Hezekiah prays and weeps, Yahweh responds, “I have heard your prayer, I have seen your tears,” heals him, and adds fifteen years to his life.
None of this means that God lies, is dishonest, or is unfaithful. Scripture distinguishes between God’s unchanging holy and moral character and His ultimate purposes concerning the promised land, the Kingdom of God, the Messianic promises, and so forth. Yet Scripture clearly portrays God as genuinely interacting with human beings within history.
His faithfulness does not require Him to be unresponsive.
Scripture shows how God genuinely interacts with and responds to people’s prayers, repentance, obedience, and rebellion. Sometimes He acts in response to what human beings do, and at other times Scripture presents future outcomes as genuinely open rather than merely appearing so.
Finally, it is important to remember that the strongest case is not built upon one isolated expression. It is cumulative:
- “I lifted My hand,” i.e., sword!
- “I regret,”
- “I relented,” i.e., changed My mind!
- “Perhaps they will listen,”
- “Now I know,” and
- “I have heard your prayer.”
Whatever theological system we adopt should allow these statements to retain their natural biblical force rather than qualifying, ignoring, or explaining them away.