The Beginning of the Son by Begetting
Presented
at the 2026 KOG Missions Conference
Synopsis
This presentation challenges both Trinitarian and Arian-unitarian theories of a literally preexistent, pre-human Son by examining John 1 alongside the other Gospels. The focus is on the textual, translational, grammatical, and interpretive issues surrounding John’s prologue. The central question is whether the New Testament teaches that the Son literally preexisted and then either became human or assumed humanity as Jesus of Nazareth.
Introduction
For nearly two millennia, the writings of John—beginning
with his Gospel—have been widely misused to promote both Trinitarian and Arian,
or other preexistence-unitarian, theories of the Son’s literal personal
preexistence. Despite their differences, both systems begin with essentially
the same assumption: that the Son was already a conscious personal being before
his human conception—whether as a so-called “pre-human” or “preincarnate” Son,
or as the Logos, the Word of God, who
literally came down from heaven and either became a human being in some
Arian-type views or entered the womb of Mary to assume human nature in the
traditional Trinitarian view. But the Gospels simply do not bear this out.
Matthew uses the Greek word genesis, “origin” or “beginning,” in Matthew 1:1 and 1:18 to
introduce the origin of Jesus Messiah. Matthew then explains that what had been
begotten—that is, procreated in Mary—was from holy spirit (Matt. 1:20). The
picture is not of an already preexisting person entering Mary or changing
identity, but of a human Son being brought into existence by a biological
miracle.
The Gospel of Luke is even more explicit. The angel Gabriel
explains to Mary that this will take place through God’s holy spirit—that is,
the power of the Most High—and “for that reason” (dio kai) the holy child begotten—that is, procreated, not merely
conceived or born— will be called the Son of God (Luke 1:35).
The following sections examine the translational, textual,
grammatical, and contextual issues that bear on this reading of John’s
prologue.
John 1:1 and the Word of God
Most Christians approach John 1 already assuming that the Logos—the “word”—is a literal,
preexistent person. Following are several reasons why that assumption should
not simply be read into the text.
1. The Curse of the Capital
Modern English translations normally capitalize Word. But
ancient Greek manuscripts did not use capitalization in the way modern English
does to distinguish common nouns from personal names or titles. Capitalizing
Word is therefore an interpretive and stylistic decision made by modern-day
translators, not something original to John himself. Once readers see Word
capitalized, they naturally assume a proper name for a person. The question,
then, is what the writer meant by that word.
2. Personal Pronouns
As a result of translators capitalizing Word, they often
follow this by using personal pronouns, calling the word “he” or “him.” While
that can be grammatically appropriate in Greek, since logos is a masculine noun, grammatical gender by itself does not
establish that the word of God refers to a literal person.
Furthermore, several major English translations before the
1611 King James Version—for example, Tyndale and the Geneva Bible—used “it,”
“this,” or “the same” when referring to the logos.
These versions do not establish that the translators themselves rejected
literal preexistence.
For more, see: focusonthekingdom.org/translations.htm
Only when we reach John 1:14—“the word became flesh”—does
the logos become unmistakably
identified with a historical, not prehistorical, person: the human Son of God.
So the opening of John’s Gospel should not simply be read as meaning, “In the
beginning was the Son,” nor does John say, “The Son became flesh,” much less,
“God the Son assumed or took on flesh” or transformed into a human person.
3. Personification
The Greek phrase translated “with God” (pros ton theon) is often assumed to represent one person being with
another person. But in the Bible, impersonal qualities associated with God can
also be spoken of as being “with Him.”
The clearest parallel is Proverbs 8–9, where God’s Wisdom is
portrayed as a woman, Sophia. She is
shown as being “beside Him,” that is, God (Prov. 8:30). She speaks, builds a
house, prepares a meal, sends out servants, and invites people to eat.
Sophia—God’s
wisdom—is presented as though she were a person; the imagery need not imply a
literal preexisting woman “with God.”
Note how John himself, in his first letter, speaks of “the
eternal life” which “was with the Father” and then “was manifested to us” (1
John 1:1–3). The wording here demonstrates that John can speak about life as
something that was “with the Father” and later manifested.
Paul likewise uses the same Greek phrase translated as “with
God” to describe other realities such as peace, faith, and confidence (Rom.
5:1; 1 Thess. 1:8; 2 Cor. 3:4).
4. The Word of the LORD
The OT repeatedly speaks about God’s word as His powerful
speech, command, promise, wisdom, and self-expression.
- Psalm 33:6, 9 says that by His word the heavens were made.
- Psalm 107:20 shows God sending His word to heal.
- Psalm 147:15, 18 shows God’s word running swiftly.
- Isaiah 55:10–11 says that the word goes out from Him and accomplishes the purpose for which He sends the word.
As a matter of fact, there is not one clear example in the
Greek translations of the canonical Hebrew Scriptures where logos, “the Word of the LORD”—that is,
Yahweh—is explicitly referred to as “he” or “him.”
Hence, no OT writer presents “the word of the LORD” as a
separate, literal divine person “with God.”
This is precisely the Jewish and biblical background against
which John’s logos should first be
understood.
Addendum: Revelation 19:13
Some may ask: What about Revelation 19:13, where the
resurrected Messiah is called “the Word of God”?
A title can identify what someone embodies, expresses, or
uniquely represents.
The Son is God’s supreme spokesman and agent. God’s message,
wisdom, purpose, promise, and saving word about His coming Kingdom have reached
their definitive human expression in His own Son.
Throughout the Gospel, Jesus himself repeatedly insists that
the words he speaks are not independently his own but come from the Father who
sent him (John 7:16; 8:28; 12:49–50; 14:10, 24; 17:8).
As Anthony Buzzard explains in his commentary on John 1:14:
“The announcement that personification (word) has become a
person for the first time, the incarnation of grace and truth (v. 17).
Similarly Jews thought of Moses as the incarnation of the law (Philo, Life of Moses
I, 162). … The NT is thus perfectly harmonious in presenting the Son as the
miraculously generated second Adam.”
John 1:13: The Singular Reading
Most modern translations read John 1:12–13 as referring to
the spiritual rebirth of believers, following the plural reading supported by
the surviving Greek manuscript tradition. But an ancient alternative reading,
preserved mainly in Latin and patristic witnesses, applies verse 13 to Jesus.
Instead of the plural, “who were born,” this variant reads in the singular,
“who was born,” making the verse a statement about his miraculous birth.
The noted textual critic Bruce Metzger lists the Old Latin
tradition along with Irenaeus, Tertullian, Latin evidence associated with
Origen, Ambrose, Augustine, and others. Yet Metzger also notes that a
considerable list of modern scholars has argued that the singular could be
original. The 1966 Jerusalem Bible
adopted the singular reading, making the passage refer to the one who “was
born” of God. Later editions, such as the New
Jerusalem Bible, returned to the plural reading. Tertullian even discusses
the textual dispute directly and accuses a so-called Gnostic Christian group
known as the Valentinians of changing the text in order to make the passage
apply to Christians rather than Christ.
Furthermore, possible allusions to the singular reading have
also been discussed in connection with Justin Martyr and a document called the Epistula Apostolorum. Both of these
witnesses likewise predate our earliest surviving manuscripts of the passage.
John 1:13 also harmonizes remarkably well with 1 John 5:18,
where believers who have been “born of God” are distinguished, on a common
reading of the second half of the verse, from the singular “one who was born of
God”—understood by many translations as the Son.
On the singular reading, “not of blood nor of the will of
the flesh nor of the will of man” contrasts the Son’s origin from God with
ordinary human procreation. If original, the singular reading would place John
alongside Matthew 1:20 and Luke 1:35 in describing Jesus’ miraculous origin.
Its antiquity establishes that this interpretation arose early; it does not by
itself establish the reading’s originality.
John 1:18 Only-Begotten God
Many manuscripts read “the only Son,” but several early
Greek manuscripts read monogenēs theos,
variously translated “only God,” “unique God,” or “only-begotten God.” This
explains why modern critical editions generally print monogenēs theos.
Nonetheless, the “only Son” reading dominates the later
manuscript tradition and agrees with John’s familiar terminology elsewhere
(John 3:16, 18; 1 John 4:9). There are also scholars who have argued that “Son”
is original, even while themselves holding to the literal preexistence of the
Son.
The Theological
Dictionary of the New Testament (vol. 4, p. 740, n. 14) calls an
interpretation of the monogenēs theos
reading “an exegetical invention” and further argues that this reading probably
arose under Gnostic influence and is therefore a corruption of the text.
The earlier attestation of monogenēs theos deserves consideration, but manuscript age alone
does not settle the textual question or establish literal personal
preexistence.
Yet even if this reading is granted, we still have to
determine what John intends by that most unusual expression in light of the
rest of his Gospel—including the Son himself identifying the Father as “the
only true God” (John 17:3) and the Gospel’s stated purpose that readers believe
in Jesus as the Messiah, the Son of God (John 20:31), not “the only God.”
Why All This Matters
The miraculous birth fulfilled OT promises of a future
child, the Son of God (Isa. 7:14; 9:6), and of divine begetting (Psalm 2:7).
These OT Scriptures are later applied to Jesus in Acts 13:33; Hebrews 1:5; 5:5.
Paul likewise says that God’s Son “came into existence from
a woman” (Gal. 4:4) and was a descendant of David according to the flesh (Rom.
1:3)—that is, by way of Mary, not just Joseph. Paul uses ginomai, “to come to be,” in these passages rather than gennaō, “to beget.” I understand this
wording as consistent with the virginal procreation described by Matthew and
Luke.
Compare also Genesis 2:7, concerning the creation of Adam,
with passages describing Jesus’ human origin. For Paul, the Son is the second
man and last Adam, who will begin a new race of “born again” human beings. Both
Adam and Jesus have unique origins directly involving God, not literal personal
preexistence—a fact that gives force to Paul’s Adam-Christ parallel.
- In Romans 5:12–19, he repeatedly contrasts the one man Adam with the one man Jesus Messiah.
- In 1 Corinthians 15:45, he explicitly calls Jesus “the last Adam.” See likewise 1 Corinthians 15:21–22, 47–49.
The NT writers consistently insist on his genuine humanity.
See also Acts 2:22; 17:31; Romans 5:15–19; 1 Corinthians 15:21; Hebrews
2:14–17. And Paul summarizes the whole Christian confession with careful
simplicity when he explains that God “desires all people to be saved and to
come to the knowledge of the truth”: namely, that there is one God and one
mediator between that one God and humanity, Messiah Jesus, who is himself
human. He gave himself as a ransom for all, a testimony at the appointed time.
To this Paul was appointed a herald and apostle—a teacher of the Gentiles in
faith and truth (1 Tim. 2:4–7).
The Choice
Nowadays, we must ask similar questions when it comes to
what it means to be male or female. For example: What does it mean to be a
trans woman and not a woman biologically? In other words, in what other context
could you be someone and not be someone at the exact same time? Can a person
exist before his human origin and still be genuinely human?
This is the question I put to Christians who hold to literal
personal preexistence.
This whole issue reminds me of the choice God put before
Israel in Deuteronomy 30:19a: “I have set before you life and death.” But
unfortunately, many English Bible translations sometimes restrict you from
seeing that real Jesus clearly.
The translation of genesis
in Matthew 1:1, 18 deserves particular attention. Commonly rendered “genealogy”
or “birth,” the word can also convey “origin” or “beginning.”
Note:
Of the almost 100 occurrences of gennaō in the New Testament, Matthew 1:20
is the only place where many translators render it as “conceived.”
The theological choice, then, concerns whether the Son
personally existed before his human conception and subsequently became human or
assumed humanity, or whether his personal existence began when God miraculously
procreated him in Mary.
The angelic birth announcements should be considered
alongside the apostolic testimony to Jesus as the man appointed by God to be
Savior, mediator, Lord, Messiah, and coming King (Acts 2:22, 36; 10:38; 17:31;
1 Tim. 2:5).
The letter to the Hebrews opens by saying: “God, after He
spoke long ago to the fathers in the prophets in many portions and in many
ways, has in these last days spoken to us in a Son” (Heb. 1:1–2).
The writer then goes on to warn:
“Therefore we ought to pay closer attention to what we have
heard, so that we do not drift away. For since the Law spoken through angels
proved firm, and every violation of it and act of disobedience received its
just penalty, how will we escape if we neglect so great a salvation? This
salvation had its beginning when spoken through the Lord, and was confirmed to
us by those who heard him” (Heb. 2:1–3).
I pray you have been paying close attention to what
Scripture and the angels sent from God have to say about His unique,
miraculously procreated human Son, so that on the day of his parousia—his coming—he may say to you:
“Well done, good and faithful servant!”