Study notes: Romans 13

 CONTEXT: Romans 12:14-21

• v. 14: "bless those who persecute (you), bless and do not curse."

• Paul choes Jesus, “love your enemies”: Mat 5.38-39

• Change of the OC law “an eye for an eye” (lex talionis): Lev. 24.20

Cp. God commands lethal self-defense: Ex 22.2. But Jesus says “pray” for them: Luke 6.28-29

• v.19 Don't be an avenger, AB footnote

Paul sees the state as a tool of vengeance in 13:4, but he never imagined that believers assume that role. NT believers are not part of the present political world-system. They are resident aliens, and should not be fighting in the wars of this world-system. Satan’s kingdoms become the Kingdom of God only at the future seventh trumpet which signals the arrival of Messiah to rule with the saints (Rev. 11:15-18). Jesus did not attempt to interfere with politics at his first coming.

Gregory Boyd, author Myth of a Christian Religion and Myth of a Christian Nation.

Jesus’ complete lack of interest becomes even more significant when we remember that he lived in politically volatile times. The reason is that the kingdom of God that Jesus [preached] has nothing to do with having the “right” opinions about how the kingdoms of the world should run. It’s rather a kingdom that “is not of this world” (Jn. 18:36). The only instructions Christians are given vis-à-vis government in the New Testament is to respect and submit to authorities as much as possible, to pay our taxes and to pray for leaders so there will be peace (paying taxes, Mk 12:13-17; Rom 13:1-7; 1 Pet 2:13-17). And even these instructions are not given out of any concern for how government should run but to simply facilitate the spreading of the Gospel.

J.W. Allen, A History of Political Thought in the Sixteenth Century, 1928, p 132.

"Yet it would be a gross mistake to suppose that men, at any time, took their political opinions from St. Paul."

CONTEXT: Roman government headed by Nero (57-64 AD).

• According to some killed his mother (poison or drowned); killed his 2nd wife (kicked her while pregnant!)

• Blamed Christians for burning Rome;

• CFs called him the first persecutor of the faith; others the AntiChrist!

• Tradition states he martyred Paul and Peter!

Roman 13:1, Authorities = Government

• Paul echoes OT scheme, God “removes and sets kings…they rule and make laws” Dan 2.21; Prov. 8.15.

• The point is “What God allows, He is sometimes said to ordain.”

• True even of Satan, Luke 4:6

The devil said to Him, “I will give You all this domain and its glory, for it has been handed over to me [by Adam!], and I give it to whomever I want."

Romans 13:2 rebels "will bring judgment upon themselves"

• Example from John the Baptist who criticized Herod.

• Paul and Silas beaten by the Roman magistrates at Philippi (Acts 16:23).

Romans 13:3 The "rulers"

• The Greek archon used for human rulers, cp. Josephus ref. to Roman rulers over Jews during the War.

Romans 13:4, Gods’ servants for good and evil, I.e., avenger!

• God has given government the responsibility to punish evil, even capital punishment.

• This job is explicitly forbidden to the Christian (12:17a, 19)!

Rom 12:17 Do not repay anyone evil for evil;

12:19 Do not avenge yourselves, dear friends!

• Again, Paul echoes Hebrew Scriptures where God sometimes uses the nations to punish His own people.

Romans 13:6-7, pay your taxes.

• Ancient Rome funded military conquests, the same that persecuted Christians;

• Funded public works like the coliseums, gladiatorial games, orgies, etc.

John MacArthur US revolutionary war was “contrary to the clear teachings and commands of Rome 13:1-7.”

“So the United States was actually born out of a violation of New Testament principles, and any blessings God has bestowed on America have come in spite of that disobedience by the Founding Fathers.”

• Rom. 13:11 “salvation is now closer to us than when we first believed”:

Salvation in the NT is in 3 tenses of the verb:

1. We were saved (Rom 8:24),

2. We are being saved (2Cor 2:15),

3. We will be saved at Messiah’s return (Acts 15:11).

Romans 13:12 The night has advanced toward dawn;

• Messianic symbol, Zecheriah the priest:

Luke 1:78 “Through God’s caring kindness to us, heaven’s dawn will break upon us, 79 to shine on those who live in darkness and under the shadow of death [Dan 12.3], and to guide us along the path which leads to peace.”

Jesus Practiced What he Preached

Throughout the Gospels we see Jesus practicing what he preached and commanding his listening audience to do the same. For example, Jesus is seen eating with "sinners," a word that can only apply to two classes of people: non-religious Jews and the uncircumcised, i.e., Gentiles. So it would make sense that Jesus broke Kosher laws, similar to the allegations against Peter in Acts 11:3; Gal 2.12.

In Mark 7 Jesus uses his criticism of the tradition of the Jewish elders to make a further teaching on the food laws.

"Then Jesus called to the crowd to come and hear. 'All of you listen,' he said, 'and try to understand. It’s not what goes into your body that defiles you; you are defiled by what comes from your heart'.”

(Mar 7.14-15; NOTE some manuscripts add verse 16, "Anyone with ears to hear should listen and understand.")

As a result, Mark later says that by saying these things "Jesus had made all foods clean." (Mar 7.19)

The Apostles likely broke the once a year law on fasting from Lev. 16, i.e., for the Day of Atonement. In Mar 2.19 Jesus clearly says: "They can’t fast while the groom is with them." And we all know that the ministry of Jesus lasted for at least years.

In Numbers 5 God commands the removal of people with all kinds of illnesses "so that they will not defile their camps." The same in Numbers 9.10 where God commands anyone who has been in contact with the dead not to take the Passover. Yet, Jesus and his followers are recorded time and again as having to touch the sick, demonized in order to heal them.

In Matthew 12:1-6 and John 5:17-19 we see Jesus and his followers breaking the Sabbath yet, not making them lawbreakers, i.e., sinners.

Lastly, under Moses you could kill your enemy and even the "intruder: (Lev. 24.20; Ex 22.2) but under Jesus you have to unconditionally “love your enemies” (Mat 5.38-39; cp. Luke 6.28-29).

And under Moses a certificate of divorce was granted (Deut. 24.1-4) but under Jesus divorce is allowed for only one reason (Mat 5.31-32; 19).

The fact is Jesus was sent to preach and practice New Covenant Law (Heb. 9.15; 12.24). As a result, Jesus was under his own Law, what Paul later calls the Law of Messiah (Gal 6.2; 1Cor 9:21, not the same as the Law of Moses!). Hence, Paul clearly says "imitate me as I imitate Messiah" (1Cor 11.1). And though we all know that both Paul and Jesus were "born under the Law" of Moses, it doesn't mean they had to remain Torah-observant for the rest of their life!

The Sound Doctrine Dictionary

Compiled by Sarah Jiménez 

Synonyms for the whole body of established Christian doctrine in 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus

(Note that Christian teaching is not just one doctrine, not a single issue!)

 

The defining text: 1 Tim. 6:3: “Health-giving words – namely the teachings given by our lord Jesus Messiah” = the Gospel about the Kingdom

 

The faith: 1 Tim. 1:2; 1:19; 3:13; 4:1; 5:8; 6:10; 6:12; 6:21; 2 Tim. 3:8; 4:7; Titus 1:1; 1:4; 1:13; 3:15

The truth: 1 Tim. 2:4; 3:15; 4:3; 6:5; 2 Tim. 2:18; 2:25; 3:7-8; 4:4; Titus 1:1; 1:14

The health-giving (sound) teaching (or words): 1 Tim. 1:10; 6:3; 2 Tim. 1:13; 4:3; Titus 1:9; 1:13; 2:1-2; 2:8 (sound message)

The revealed truths (mystery) of the faith: 1 Tim. 3:9; 3:16

The words of the faith and good doctrine: 1 Tim. 4:6

The Gospel of the glory of God = The Gospel of the Kingdom of God: 1 Tim. 1:11

The Gospel: 2 Tim. 1:8; 1:10; 2 Tim. 1:11; 2:8

The word (Gospel) of the truth: 2 Tim. 2:15

The word (Gospel) of God: 2 Tim. 2:9, Titus 2:5

The word (Gospel): 2 Tim. 4:2; Titus 1:3; 1:9

The standard (pattern) of health-giving words: 2 Tim. 1:13

The treasure (deposit) entrusted to you: 2 Tim. 1:14 (see also v. 12: “what has been entrusted to me” and 1 Tim. 1:11, 6:20; 2 Tim. 2:2; Titus 1:3)

The teaching (“Christian teaching,” NET Bible): 1 Tim. 6:1

The teaching of God: Titus 2:10

Demons in the Bible

According to Unger's Biblical Demonology:

“It’s to be noted carefully that Hebrew possesses no precise equivalent for the Hellenistic Greek terms daimon or daimonion. [Furthermore] the rabbis divided demons into 2 classes: purely spiritual beings and half-spirits [halbgesiter].”

Yet, the LXX translates ’elilim in Ps 96.5 as demons.

Other Hebrew terms translated demons include:

• Satyr (seirim, Lev 17.7; 2K 23.8; Isa 13:21; 34:14);
• Shedhim, elohim (Deut 32.17);
• And personal names like Gad (Isa 65.11);
• And the only known female-demoness, Lilith (Isa 34).

You also have the rephaim, translated shades or dead ones who meet other nocturnal demonic creatures who inhabit desolate/destroyed places. These are described as animals like owls, jackals, hyenas, wolves, ostriches, vultures (Isa 13.19-22).

Emerson, in his book The Serpent's Seed (p. 71) notes:

"Unlike today, in ages past a common belief was that evil spirits [i.e., "demons"] were the ghosts of dead Nephilim/Rephaim."

The 1st book of Enoch [aka Book of the Watchers], written c. 300BC.

"The giants [Heb. nephilim] who are produced from [the cohabitation of] spirits [cp, spirits in prison, 1Pet 3.19] and flesh, shall be called evil spirits upon the earth, and on the earth shall be their dwelling; because they are born from men, and from the holy watchers [aka angels, Dan 4.13, 17, 23LXX] is their beginning and primal origin.”

"Here shall stand the angels who have connected themselves with women, and their spirits [children?] assuming many different forms are defiling mankind and shall lead them astray into sacrificing to demons as gods, (here shall they stand,) till the day of the great judgement in which they shall be judged till they are made an end of." [1 Enoch 15:8; 19:1-2]

This was the belief of the earliest Christian writers like Athenagorus (A.D. 137-175) who writes that some angels:

“fell into impure love of virgins, and were subjugated by the flesh. [Of these] were begotten those who are called giants. [And] the souls of the giants, which are the demons who wander about the world, perform actions similar [to fallen angels. They] haunt the air and the earth, and are no longer able to rise to heavenly things…”

Justin Martyr, 2nd Apology 5 (c. 200s AD).

Angels “transgressed the divine ordering, and by sinful intercourse with women produced offspring who are demons [cp. evil spirits in Enoch, Peter].”

Commodianus (A.D. 240).

The Almighty did not allow [the giants] to be brought back from death after they died, because they were of an evil seed. As a result they now wander and fight for control of people's bodies.

Origen, (A.D. 248).

"Wicked demons [of the race of Titans or Giants] haunt the denser parts of the bodies. They also frequent unclean places on the earth. Since they are without bodies of earthly material….They also secretly enter the bodies of the more predatory, savage, and wicked of animals…."

Pauline Kingdom Gospel Dictionary

 Code word(s) for the Gospel about the coming Kingdom, Acts 14:22, 19:8, 20:24-25; 28:23; 28:31; 2 Tim. 4:1:

• Gospel (1Cor 9.18)

• Gospel of peace (Rom 10.15; Eph 2.17)

• The inheritance; reward (Col 3.24)

• The promise (Rom 4.16)

• The blessing (Gal 3.14)

• Immortality; eternal life (Rom 2.7)

• Glory (Rom 8.17-18; 15.7)

• the word (1Thess 1.6); word of truth (2Tim 2.15); word of the Lord (1Thess 1:8); word of Christ (Col 3:16); word of life’ (Phil. 2:16); words of faith and good doctrine’ (1 Tim. 4:6); word/message of the Cross (1Cor 1:18)

• The revealed truths of the faith (1Tim 3.9, 16); aka mystery/secret (Eph 6:19; Rom 16:25)

• The standard of teaching’ (Rom. 6:17)

• The pattern of sound words’ (2 Tim. 1:13); Sound teaching’ (2 Tim. 4:3; Titus 1:9); teaching (1Tim 6.1);

• The faith (Phil. 1:27; Eph. 4:5; Col. 2:6-7; 1 Tim. 6:20-21)

• The truth (Col. 1:5; 2 Thess. 2:13; 2 Tim. 2:18, 25; 4:4)

• The apostolic traditions (1 Cor. 11:2; 15:1ff; Gal. 1:9; Col. 2:6; 1 Thess. 4:1; 2 Thess. 2:15)

• Salvation (2Cor 1.6)

• The hope (Col 1.5; Eph 1.18)

• Life of the age to come (Eph 1.21; 1Tim 4.8); coming ages (Eph 2.7);

"The body of doctrine…is to be utilized in the public proclamation of the Christian message (e.g. 2 Tim. 2:15 ‘the word of truth’).” Ralph P. Martin, Worship in the Early Church, 1975, p. 54-57.

Faith and Courage

David & Goliath by Barbara Buzzard

I wonder what you honestly make of the story of David and Goliath. Is it like a fairy tale since it speaks of  giants? Is it similar to a ‘once upon a time’ story?  Is it a myth? If it is just a story -what lesson are we to learn from it? I have been thinking a lot about courage and so of course David comes to mind. I know that you know the story but there may just be something new here – stay with me please. Here is the story as we are told it in Scripture.

God’s, people, as you know, were known as Israel or Israelites. Their enemies were people called the Philistines. The Philistines  challenged the Israelites to a battle. Here is the setting: each side stood on an opposite  mountain overlooking a valley. They were to meet down in the valley to fight if anyone was brave enough.  So far no one had dared. What were they fighting for? The side that lost would have to be servants of the other side.

According to 1 Samuel 17, Goliath, a heavily armed Philistine giant,who was about 9’tall had been challenging Israel and Israel’s King Saul for 40 days to send out a man to fight him. 40 days is a long time for this to go on – the Israelites were being called cowards and worse – their God was being insulted. No one would face this giant warrior until David, a young shepherd,  armed only with a sling and stones, volunteered.

Goliath stood and shouted to the armies of Israel, “Why do you come out and line up for battle? Am I not a Philistine, and are you not the servants of Saul? Choose a man and have him come down to me.

We pick up the story from Scripture –(1 Sam 17: 9 Goliath says: “If he is able to fight and kill me, we will become your subjects; but if I overcome him and kill him, you will become our subjects and serve us.”

10 Then the Philistine giant said, “This day I defy the armies of Israel! Give me a man and let us fight each other.”

11 On hearing the giant’s words, King Saul and all the Israelites were …(now just suppose I asked you to fill in the blank here – what would you say – determined to get him? Ready to fight?  No…The actual biblical account says ‘dismayed and terrified.’ So you can see the fear that this giant of a man caused.

One day during this period of 40 days of insulting and mocking Israel when David  went to give his older brothers some supplies he heard Goliath himself taunting the King. David was no doubt shocked. David Was Concerned About God's Reputation: The fact that Goliath was taunting Israel bothered David tremendously, not so much because of his national pride but because Israel represented God's chosen people. To attack Israel was to attack the God of Israel. Goliath was mocking Israel and their God. Since their God is our God – the God of Abraham & Isaac and Jacob - this story should hit home.  When David 1^st saw goliath he asked: who is this pagan Philistine anyway, that he is allowed to defy the armies of the living God? David wanted desperately to put an end to the abuse of Israel, so he volunteered to King Saul that he would go out to him.

 King Saul tried to talk David out of battling Goliath. In fact, he said – ‘don’t be ridiculous!’ But David told the King about his experiences while shepherding and David was able to persuade him. David had killed both lions and bears, even rescuing a lamb from the mouth of a bear and using his own strength to strike  down the bear and kill it.

David was absolutely certain that the God who saved him from bears and lions would also save him from Goliath. The King tried to give David his own personal armor, a bronze helmet and a sword. This must have been quite funny – remember Goliath was over 9’ tall and David was just a young boy. David tried them on but found that he could not walk with all that metal because he wasn’t used to it..I think that King Saul felt that David didn’t stand a chance but he gave his permission for David to fight. After all, no one else was willing.  And so – David went into battle with no armor, and no weapon to protect himself. He was absolutely confident that God was with him. Do you think he might have prayed very earnestly before going into battle? Certainly he knew that size doesn’t matter if God is on your side.

     Goliath was highly offended that Israel would send someone so young to fight him. He laughed at David. Being laughed at is very hard – have any of you ever been laughed at or mocked? It is horrible. Goliath swore against David and David’s God and spoke of the birds eating David’s  flesh. This did not apparently cause David to tremble at all.

     And so the situation was this –  a young shepherd who wears no armor at all fights an enemy warrior who is a giant. Goliath wears a coat of armor weighing about 126 #. That may have been about the weight of David himself!. Just the point of Goliath’s spear weighed about 30#. When David rejected King Saul’s armor it was as if he was rejecting human strength. He chose the armor of God.

     David selected 1 of the 5 stones he had in his pouch, aimed  his sling and  ran toward Goliath. He was no doubt shouting that he came in the name of the LORD, the God of Israel. His stone hit the giant in the forehead and killed him.

     When I began this lesson I asked whether you thought the story of David & Goliath was a fairy tale or myth. You still might think so.  This is some information which you may not have heard before so listen up. It might surprise you to know that experts have studied and researched the details of this event with very great interest. Listen to how some experts see this: Ballistics is the science of projectiles and firearms. A slingshot would be considered a projectile – something  that would propel an object through the air as a weapon. Today we would think – missile.  You might well wonder why in a Sunday Youth lesson I am speaking about ballistics. Just stay with me please and I think it will become clear. Ballistics experts from the Israeli Defense Forces have done calculations showing that a typical size stone hurled by an expert slinger at a distance of 35 meters would have hit Goliath’s head with a speed of 334 meters per second – more than enough to penetrate his skull and render him dead.. In terms of power, this would be equivalent to a fair size modern handgun. The studies show that David could have slung and hit Goliath in little more than one second, allowing Goliath no time for protecting himself.

In the book of Judges, slingers, which was what David was, are described as being accurate within a “hair’s breadth.’ A hair’s breadth means just that – the width of a hair. The sling was a devastating weapon-a precision instrument in the hands of an expert. There is apparently in the scientific world no doubt whatsoever that David could have done what he did.

Before this fight, most people would've said David didn't stand a chance. But David showed that “with God nothing shall be impossible” (Luke 1:37). With God's help, you can stand your ground with faith and be triumphant.

David’s faith wasn’t in his skill as a slinger, although that gave him some confidence.  His faith was entirely in God.

This combination of faith and courage allow the impossible to happen.

For Christians, it symbolizes how God can protect us and is on our side. David said this, “I have the Lord on my side”.

We know that we are not required to fight real giants. Our battles are of another kind – let’s call them spiritual. We have to fight the evil of lies and persuasion to do evil things. Prayer is a super valuable resource and weapon and should be our – go-to whenever we need help. Courage is an amazing quality which God honors and respects. We should have it near the top of our lists of things to aim for and ways to please God.

Church Sunday Bible study notes: 1 Tim 2-3

 Paul focuses on what Christians need to do in order to expose, denounce false teachers: Christian living and prayers (2:1–15); Christian, qualified authorities, I.e., overseers/elders (3:1–7), and deacons (3:8–13).

1Tim2:1-8 Prayers In 1Thess 5:17 “Pray without ceasing,” I.e., vital to denouncing idle speculations and false teachers; Jesus is the model for continual prayer: alone (Mt 14:23)(Mk 1:35)(Lk 9:18)(Lk 22:39-41), in public (Jn 11:41-42)(Jn 12:27-30), before meals (Mt 26:26)(Mk 8:6)(Lk 24:30)(Jn 6:11), before important decisions (Lk 6:12-13), before healing (Mk 7:34-35), after healing (Lk 5:16), to do the Father’s will (Mt 26:36-44) v.8 “Lifting … hands,” is a typical posture for prayer in the Bible: see Ex. 9:29; 1 Kings 8:22; Ps. 28:2; 63:4; Isa. 1:15; Luke 24:50 (Jesus). The way the church conducts itself in corporate worship (unity, modesty, proper submission) bears significantly on its effectiveness in world evangelization. Why pray for everyone, including the enemy-state? “God wants everyone to be saved” by coming to “the knowledge of the truth”! Church vs State relationship defined, “pray for government officials,” period! ESV Study Bible “The lifestyle encouraged here (peaceful, quiet, godly, dignified) corresponds to the goal of apostolic teaching in 1:5 and contrasts with the behavior of the false teachers.“ 1Tim2:5 unitary monotheism Not just “one God” but “one God, the Father” (1Cor 8:6; Eph 4:6; cp. John 20:17; Mal 2:10)! “In addition to the Shema, & perhaps in some cases as a substitute for it, one finds that at the beginning of the Christian era the formula EIS O THEOS, was used to express the monotheistic faith of Judaism.” (Neufeld, The Earliest Christian Confessions, v 5, pp 39-40) 1Tim 2:6 He died in our place Mark 10:45 “the Son of Man did not come to be served but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom in place of many," cp. Mat 20.28; The word “ransom” includes the idea of substitution (dying in our place, not just “for us” or “on behalf of us”); Sarah? NET Bible study note adds that the Greek word for ransom is found here and in Matt 20:28 and refers to the payment of a price in order to purchase the freedom of a slave. In other words, Jesus paid the price with his own life by standing in humanity’s place as a substitute. Fulfilling prophecy: Isaiah 53:4-6 1Tim 2:9 Women and fashion ESV Study Bible: Paul is not prohibiting the wearing of jewelry; the principle is that women should not dress ostentatiously or seductively, but in a way that is proper. Ancient portraits and sculptures show elaborate hair braiding and ostentatious jewelry common in upper-class Greco-Roman society. 1Tim 2.11-15: Women not to be silenced! Not "silent" but "quiet" without public fanfare, "disturbance": 2Thess 3: 11 For we hear that some among you are leading an undisciplined life, doing no work at all, but acting like busybodies. 12 Now such persons we command and exhort in the Lord Jesus Christ to work in quiet fashion and eat their own bread. Teachers of other women (Titus 2.3-4); children (1Tim 2.15; 5.10); some men (Priscilla, along  with her husband, taught Apollos “the way of God more perfectly,” Acts 18.24-28); and 1 Cor. 11:5 women may “pray and prophesy”; Spiritual gifts (“to one is given…to another…” 1Cor 12:7-11); cp. daughters who had the gift of prophecy (Acts 21:9); Fellow servant-ministers, evangelists with Paul (Prisca, aka Priscilla, Rom 16:3). The chapter break sometimes don't help! As we will see, in the wider context what Paul is talking about, i.e., overseer/elder; 1Tim 2:15 Whatever it means Paul is not saying only mothers will be saved! 1Tim 3:2 Female elders? First, no male or female in regards to salvation, Gal 3.28; and/or teaching, ministers of the gospel (as noted); What did Jesus and Paul teach about male headship? Jesus purposely chose 12 men for a reason; Paul says "the head of the man is Christ and the head of the woman is man," 1Cor 11.3; Paul says "the husband is the head of the wife" and they "should submit to their husbands in everything," Eph 5.23-24; As a result, the man manages his house, 1Tim 3.4; Paul says this order is from the Genesis Creation, 1Tim 2.13; NOTE as long as the head of the man remains Christ! Only married elders? Reasons why not only: It's about faithfulness, "above reproach" i.e., live exemplary married lives which best fits the overall context by the false teachers (4:3; cf. 3:4-5). Only married elders would disqualify both Jesus and Paul! And not all married men have children. Some translations "married only once" or "not have been married more than once." But Paul is not against remarriage (young widows marry, 1Tim 5.14; cp. 1Cor 7.9). The Moody Bible Commentary, pp 1898-99: “Both the syntax and the broader context suggests that Paul was prohibiting women not from all teaching but rather from the authoritative teaching of the Scriptures that is associated particularly with the office of overseer or elder (cf. 1Tim 3.17). Paul gave two reasons for his prohibition, both indicating that it is not merely a cultural concern. First, he linked this prohibition with the order of creation of man and woman, indicating, that male leadership was God’s original creative design for men and women. The second reason…refers to the first woman being deceived (v.14). This is not to suggest that women are inherently more gullible and prone to doctrinal error. Rather it is to show the destructive consequences that the original breakdown in roles caused." ESV Study Bible, 1Tim 2:12 “Since the role of pastor/elder/overseer is rooted in the task of teaching and exercising authority over the church, this verse would also exclude women from serving in this office (cf. 1 Tim. 3:2). Thus when Paul calls for the women to be quiet, he means “quiet” with respect to the teaching responsibility that is limited in the assembled church.”